شبکه های نامرئی که اقتصاد جهانی را به پیش می برند - 5 حلقه ضعیف

کابل ها، خطوط لوله، جاده ها، تنگه های دریایی، مسیرهای هوایی و ماهواره ها شبکه شکننده ای را تشکیل می دهند که اقتصاد جهانی بر روی آن ساخته شده است. اینها شبکه های نامرئی هستند که اهمیت زیادی برای زنجیره تامین جهانی و زندگی مدرن دارند، اما تنها زمانی به یاد می آیند که جنگی مانند اوکراین یا اسرائیل یکی از این نقاط استراتژیک را تهدید کند. مطالعه دویچه بانک پنج حلقه ضعیف اقتصاد جهانی را روشن می کند. یعنی زیرساخت هایی که با جایگزینی جایگزین نمی شوند و بنابراین می توانند زنجیره تامین جهانی را مسدود کنند.

There are some vulnerabilities in the global economy that are more or less known to everyone, such as Taiwan's semiconductor factories, global financial centers and the 0.5% of subway stations in London and Paris that could block the half network.

But there are also the invisible but very important networks, as was shown by the damage done to an undersea gas pipeline and telecommunications cable between Finland and Estonia on October 10, reminiscent of the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline a year ago. In 2010, the eruption of a volcano in Iceland "grounded" one second of Europe's air traffic for 8 days, notes Deutsche Bank.

هم اوکراین و هم اسرائیل در نزدیکی چنین نقاط مهمی برای اقتصاد جهانی قرار دارند.

1. کابل ها و هادی ها

– کابل های داده: Up to 99% of the world's digital communications as well as 10 trillion financial transactions. dollars, pass through fiber optic cables located on the sea floor. There are approximately 550 active and planned cables, spanning 1.4 million kilometres. Many are barely thicker than a watering can, explains Deutsche Bank. These cables are vulnerable to espionage and sabotage and to accidental damage.

– کابل های برق زیر دریا: اتصالات برق به کشورها این امکان را می دهد که با آب و هوای مطلوب تر، افزایش امنیت عرضه و مدیریت بهتر تقاضا، برق بادی یا خورشیدی ارزان تری از همسایگان خود خریداری کنند. اما، آنها می توانند با خرابکاری یا تصادف از بین بروند.

– خطوط لوله گاز طبیعی: اروپا برای تامین بیشتر گاز طبیعی خود به خطوط لوله وابسته است. در سال 2020 تقریباً 401 TP3 تن از گاز طبیعی خود را از روسیه وارد کرد و از آن زمان به بعد مجبور شد به خطوط لوله از نروژ متکی باشد و LNG وارد کند. همانطور که انفجارهای نورد استریم نشان داد، این خطوط لوله در برابر خرابکاری آسیب پذیر هستند.

– خطوط لوله نفت: Most of the world's oil pipelines are located in Europe and Asia and start from Russia. A typical oil pipeline is about 50 centimeters in diameter and can carry over 1 million liters (or 6.300 barrels per hour). By comparison, a barrel can carry less than 200 barrels at a time. Pipelines are made of steel and, where possible, are buried in the ground. Like natural gas pipelines, they are vulnerable to damage, earthquakes and sabotage.

2. جاده ها، راه آهن و رودخانه ها

Some railways and roads in far-flung places carry a disproportionately large share of supplies critical to the global economy, with no alternatives. A vast area in the Congo and Zambia, for example, is Africa's largest producer of copper and accounts for two-thirds of the world's cobalt production. But there are only four roads, all bad and congested, to transport these raw materials from the mines to ports in Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique and Tanzania. Something similar is happening with Brazil's soy, which is the world's No. 1 exporter. In the last two years, drought has hit rivers that are vital waterways, showing how vulnerable these transports are.

3. تنگه های دریا

Along with the Cape of Good Hope, there are 8 important "straits" for sea transport. As Deutsche Bank explains, these are the five "keys that unlocked the world" for the British Empire, if the Straits of Dover are removed and the Panama Canal, the Turkish Straits, the Straits of Bab el Madeb and the Straits of Hormuz are added . In oil, for example, more than 60% of supply is transported by sea, with the Straits of Hormuz being the most important point for the market, since a fifth of the world's consumption (and a third of LNG) passes through it. At its narrowest point, the Straits of Hormuz are only 33 kilometers wide.

این تنگه ها در برابر محاصره، برخورد کشتی ها یا زمینگیر شدن، دزدان دریایی، حملات تروریستی، جنگ ها و حوادثی مانند نشت نفت آسیب پذیر هستند.

4. باندهای هوایی

Air transport depends on an invisible network of corridors that can be disrupted by weather, wars or unusual events, such as when Spain's airspace was closed last November to allow a Chinese missile to enter Earth's atmosphere. Strikes by air traffic controllers have caused major transport problems in Europe this year, while the biggest post-war air traffic blockade occurred in 2010, when the volcano in Iceland erupted.

5. ماهواره ها

The world is very dependent on the US Global Positioning System (GPS). This uses approximately 30 Earth-orbiting Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) satellites, which send signals to over 4 billion users worldwide. But these signals are weak and prone to interference, and it has been estimated that if GPS is "cut", the cost will exceed $1 billion a day, just for the US.

(منبع: https://www.moneyreview.gr/business-and-finance/125480/deutsche-bank-ta-aorata-diktya-poy-kinoyn-tin-pagkosmia-oikonomia-oi-5-adynamoi-krikoi/)