세계 경제를 움직이는 보이지 않는 네트워크 – 5가지 약한 고리

케이블, 파이프라인, 도로, 해협, 항공로 및 위성은 세계 경제를 구축하는 취약한 네트워크를 형성합니다. 이는 글로벌 공급망과 현대 생활에 엄청나게 중요한 보이지 않는 네트워크이지만, 우크라이나나 이스라엘과 같은 전쟁이 이러한 전략적 지점 중 하나를 위협할 때만 기억됩니다. Deutsche Bank의 연구는 세계 경제의 5가지 약한 고리를 조명합니다. 즉, 어떤 대안으로 대체할 수 없는 인프라가 글로벌 공급망을 차단할 수 있다는 것입니다.

There are some vulnerabilities in the global economy that are more or less known to everyone, such as Taiwan's semiconductor factories, global financial centers and the 0.5% of subway stations in London and Paris that could block the half network.

But there are also the invisible but very important networks, as was shown by the damage done to an undersea gas pipeline and telecommunications cable between Finland and Estonia on October 10, reminiscent of the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline a year ago. In 2010, the eruption of a volcano in Iceland "grounded" one second of Europe's air traffic for 8 days, notes Deutsche Bank.

우크라이나와 이스라엘은 모두 세계 경제에 있어서 중요한 지점 근처에 위치하고 있습니다.

1. 케이블 및 도체

– 데이터 케이블: Up to 99% of the world's digital communications as well as 10 trillion financial transactions. dollars, pass through fiber optic cables located on the sea floor. There are approximately 550 active and planned cables, spanning 1.4 million kilometres. Many are barely thicker than a watering can, explains Deutsche Bank. These cables are vulnerable to espionage and sabotage and to accidental damage.

– 해저 전력 케이블: 전력 인터커넥터를 통해 국가는 날씨가 더 좋은 이웃으로부터 더 저렴한 풍력 또는 태양광 발전을 구매할 수 있어 공급 보안이 강화되고 수요 관리가 더 잘됩니다. 그러나 방해 행위나 사고로 인해 파괴될 수 있습니다.

– 천연가스 파이프라인: 유럽은 천연가스 공급의 대부분을 파이프라인에 의존하고 있습니다. 2020년에는 러시아에서 약 40%의 천연가스를 수입했으며, 그 이후로는 노르웨이의 파이프라인과 LNG 수입에 의존해야 했습니다. Nord Stream 폭발 사고에서 알 수 있듯이 이러한 파이프라인은 방해 행위에 취약합니다.

– 송유관: Most of the world's oil pipelines are located in Europe and Asia and start from Russia. A typical oil pipeline is about 50 centimeters in diameter and can carry over 1 million liters (or 6.300 barrels per hour). By comparison, a barrel can carry less than 200 barrels at a time. Pipelines are made of steel and, where possible, are buried in the ground. Like natural gas pipelines, they are vulnerable to damage, earthquakes and sabotage.

2. 도로, 철도, 하천

Some railways and roads in far-flung places carry a disproportionately large share of supplies critical to the global economy, with no alternatives. A vast area in the Congo and Zambia, for example, is Africa's largest producer of copper and accounts for two-thirds of the world's cobalt production. But there are only four roads, all bad and congested, to transport these raw materials from the mines to ports in Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique and Tanzania. Something similar is happening with Brazil's soy, which is the world's No. 1 exporter. In the last two years, drought has hit rivers that are vital waterways, showing how vulnerable these transports are.

3. 해협

Along with the Cape of Good Hope, there are 8 important "straits" for sea transport. As Deutsche Bank explains, these are the five "keys that unlocked the world" for the British Empire, if the Straits of Dover are removed and the Panama Canal, the Turkish Straits, the Straits of Bab el Madeb and the Straits of Hormuz are added . In oil, for example, more than 60% of supply is transported by sea, with the Straits of Hormuz being the most important point for the market, since a fifth of the world's consumption (and a third of LNG) passes through it. At its narrowest point, the Straits of Hormuz are only 33 kilometers wide.

이 해협은 봉쇄, 선박 충돌 또는 좌초, 해적, 테러 공격, 전쟁 및 기름 유출과 같은 사고에 취약합니다.

4. 활주로

Air transport depends on an invisible network of corridors that can be disrupted by weather, wars or unusual events, such as when Spain's airspace was closed last November to allow a Chinese missile to enter Earth's atmosphere. Strikes by air traffic controllers have caused major transport problems in Europe this year, while the biggest post-war air traffic blockade occurred in 2010, when the volcano in Iceland erupted.

5. 위성

The world is very dependent on the US Global Positioning System (GPS). This uses approximately 30 Earth-orbiting Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) satellites, which send signals to over 4 billion users worldwide. But these signals are weak and prone to interference, and it has been estimated that if GPS is "cut", the cost will exceed $1 billion a day, just for the US.

(출처: https://www.moneyreview.gr/business-and-finance/125480/deutsche-bank-ta-aorata-diktya-poy-kinoyn-tin-pagkosmia-oikonomia-oi-5-adynamoi-krikoi/)