Küresel ekonomiyi yönlendiren görünmez ağlar – 5 zayıf halka

Kablolar, boru hatları, yollar, deniz boğazları, hava yolları ve uydular, küresel ekonominin üzerine inşa edildiği kırılgan ağı oluşturuyor. Bunlar, küresel tedarik zinciri ve modern yaşam için çok büyük önem taşıyan görünmez ağlardır; ancak bunlar yalnızca Ukrayna veya İsrail'deki gibi bir savaş bu stratejik noktalardan birini tehdit ettiğinde hatırlanır. Deutsche Bank'ın araştırması küresel ekonominin beş zayıf halkasına ışık tutuyor. Yani bir alternatifle değiştirilemeyen ve dolayısıyla küresel tedarik zincirini bloke edebilecek altyapılar.

There are some vulnerabilities in the global economy that are more or less known to everyone, such as Taiwan's semiconductor factories, global financial centers and the 0.5% of subway stations in London and Paris that could block the half network.

But there are also the invisible but very important networks, as was shown by the damage done to an undersea gas pipeline and telecommunications cable between Finland and Estonia on October 10, reminiscent of the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline a year ago. In 2010, the eruption of a volcano in Iceland "grounded" one second of Europe's air traffic for 8 days, notes Deutsche Bank.

Hem Ukrayna hem de İsrail, küresel ekonomi açısından bu kadar önemli noktalara yakın konumda bulunuyor.

1. Kablolar ve iletkenler

– Veri kabloları: Up to 99% of the world's digital communications as well as 10 trillion financial transactions. dollars, pass through fiber optic cables located on the sea floor. There are approximately 550 active and planned cables, spanning 1.4 million kilometres. Many are barely thicker than a watering can, explains Deutsche Bank. These cables are vulnerable to espionage and sabotage and to accidental damage.

– Denizaltı güç kabloları: Güç ara bağlantıları, ülkelerin daha uygun hava koşullarında, arz güvenliğini artırarak ve talebi daha iyi yöneterek komşularından daha ucuz rüzgar veya güneş enerjisi satın almasına olanak tanır. Ancak sabotaj veya kaza sonucu yok edilebilirler.

– Doğal gaz boru hatları: Avrupa, doğal gaz tedarikinin büyük bir kısmı için boru hatlarına bağımlıdır. 2020 yılında doğal gazının neredeyse 40%'sini Rusya'dan ithal etti ve o zamandan beri Norveç'ten gelen boru hatlarına güvenmek ve LNG ithal etmek zorunda kaldı. Nord Stream patlamalarının gösterdiği gibi bu boru hatları sabotaja karşı savunmasızdır.

– Petrol boru hatları: Most of the world's oil pipelines are located in Europe and Asia and start from Russia. A typical oil pipeline is about 50 centimeters in diameter and can carry over 1 million liters (or 6.300 barrels per hour). By comparison, a barrel can carry less than 200 barrels at a time. Pipelines are made of steel and, where possible, are buried in the ground. Like natural gas pipelines, they are vulnerable to damage, earthquakes and sabotage.

2. Yollar, demiryolları ve nehirler

Some railways and roads in far-flung places carry a disproportionately large share of supplies critical to the global economy, with no alternatives. A vast area in the Congo and Zambia, for example, is Africa's largest producer of copper and accounts for two-thirds of the world's cobalt production. But there are only four roads, all bad and congested, to transport these raw materials from the mines to ports in Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique and Tanzania. Something similar is happening with Brazil's soy, which is the world's No. 1 exporter. In the last two years, drought has hit rivers that are vital waterways, showing how vulnerable these transports are.

3. Deniz boğazları

Along with the Cape of Good Hope, there are 8 important "straits" for sea transport. As Deutsche Bank explains, these are the five "keys that unlocked the world" for the British Empire, if the Straits of Dover are removed and the Panama Canal, the Turkish Straits, the Straits of Bab el Madeb and the Straits of Hormuz are added . In oil, for example, more than 60% of supply is transported by sea, with the Straits of Hormuz being the most important point for the market, since a fifth of the world's consumption (and a third of LNG) passes through it. At its narrowest point, the Straits of Hormuz are only 33 kilometers wide.

Bu boğazlar ablukalara, gemi çarpışmalarına veya karaya oturmalarına, korsanlara, terörist saldırılarına, savaşlara ve petrol sızıntısı gibi kazalara karşı savunmasızdır.

4. Uçak Pistleri

Air transport depends on an invisible network of corridors that can be disrupted by weather, wars or unusual events, such as when Spain's airspace was closed last November to allow a Chinese missile to enter Earth's atmosphere. Strikes by air traffic controllers have caused major transport problems in Europe this year, while the biggest post-war air traffic blockade occurred in 2010, when the volcano in Iceland erupted.

5. Uydular

The world is very dependent on the US Global Positioning System (GPS). This uses approximately 30 Earth-orbiting Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) satellites, which send signals to over 4 billion users worldwide. But these signals are weak and prone to interference, and it has been estimated that if GPS is "cut", the cost will exceed $1 billion a day, just for the US.

(KAYNAK: https://www.moneyreview.gr/business-and-finance/125480/deutsche-bank-ta-aorata-diktya-poy-kinoyn-tin-pagkosmia-oikonomia-oi-5-adynamoi-krikoi/)