Ang mga hindi nakikitang network na nagtutulak sa pandaigdigang ekonomiya – Ang 5 mahinang link

Ang mga cable, pipeline, kalsada, sea straits, air route at satellite ay bumubuo sa marupok na network kung saan itinayo ang pandaigdigang ekonomiya. Ang mga ito ay hindi nakikitang mga network na napakalaking kahalagahan sa pandaigdigang supply chain at modernong buhay, na, gayunpaman, ay naaalala lamang kapag ang isang digmaan tulad ng sa Ukraine o Israel ay nagbabanta sa isa sa mga estratehikong puntong ito. Ang pag-aaral ng Deutsche Bank ay nagbibigay liwanag sa limang mahinang ugnayan ng pandaigdigang ekonomiya. Iyon ay, ang mga imprastraktura na hindi maaaring palitan ng ilang alternatibo at samakatuwid, ay maaaring hadlangan ang pandaigdigang supply chain.

There are some vulnerabilities in the global economy that are more or less known to everyone, such as Taiwan's semiconductor factories, global financial centers and the 0.5% of subway stations in London and Paris that could block the half network.

But there are also the invisible but very important networks, as was shown by the damage done to an undersea gas pipeline and telecommunications cable between Finland and Estonia on October 10, reminiscent of the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline a year ago. In 2010, the eruption of a volcano in Iceland "grounded" one second of Europe's air traffic for 8 days, notes Deutsche Bank.

Parehong matatagpuan ang Ukraine at Israel malapit sa mga mahahalagang punto para sa pandaigdigang ekonomiya.

1. Mga cable at konduktor

– Mga kable ng data: Up to 99% of the world's digital communications as well as 10 trillion financial transactions. dollars, pass through fiber optic cables located on the sea floor. There are approximately 550 active and planned cables, spanning 1.4 million kilometres. Many are barely thicker than a watering can, explains Deutsche Bank. These cables are vulnerable to espionage and sabotage and to accidental damage.

– Mga kable ng kuryente sa ilalim ng dagat: Nagbibigay-daan ang mga power interconnector sa mga bansa na bumili ng mas murang hangin o solar power mula sa kanilang mga kapitbahay na may mas magandang panahon, pagtaas ng seguridad ng supply at mas mahusay na pamamahala ng demand. Ngunit, maaari silang masira sa pamamagitan ng sabotahe o aksidente.

– Mga pipeline ng natural na gas: Nakadepende ang Europe sa mga pipeline para sa karamihan ng mga supply ng natural gas nito. Noong 2020 nag-import ito ng halos 40% ng natural gas nito mula sa Russia, at mula noon, kinailangan nitong umasa sa mga pipeline mula sa Norway at nag-import ng LNG. Gaya ng ipinakita ng mga pagsabog sa Nord Stream, ang mga pipeline na ito ay mahina sa sabotahe.

– Mga pipeline ng langis: Most of the world's oil pipelines are located in Europe and Asia and start from Russia. A typical oil pipeline is about 50 centimeters in diameter and can carry over 1 million liters (or 6.300 barrels per hour). By comparison, a barrel can carry less than 200 barrels at a time. Pipelines are made of steel and, where possible, are buried in the ground. Like natural gas pipelines, they are vulnerable to damage, earthquakes and sabotage.

2. Mga kalsada, riles at ilog

Some railways and roads in far-flung places carry a disproportionately large share of supplies critical to the global economy, with no alternatives. A vast area in the Congo and Zambia, for example, is Africa's largest producer of copper and accounts for two-thirds of the world's cobalt production. But there are only four roads, all bad and congested, to transport these raw materials from the mines to ports in Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique and Tanzania. Something similar is happening with Brazil's soy, which is the world's No. 1 exporter. In the last two years, drought has hit rivers that are vital waterways, showing how vulnerable these transports are.

3. Kipot ng dagat

Along with the Cape of Good Hope, there are 8 important "straits" for sea transport. As Deutsche Bank explains, these are the five "keys that unlocked the world" for the British Empire, if the Straits of Dover are removed and the Panama Canal, the Turkish Straits, the Straits of Bab el Madeb and the Straits of Hormuz are added . In oil, for example, more than 60% of supply is transported by sea, with the Straits of Hormuz being the most important point for the market, since a fifth of the world's consumption (and a third of LNG) passes through it. At its narrowest point, the Straits of Hormuz are only 33 kilometers wide.

Ang mga kipot na ito ay madaling kapitan ng mga blockade, mga banggaan ng barko o grounding, mga pirata, pag-atake ng mga terorista, mga digmaan at mga aksidente tulad ng mga oil spill.

4. Mga paliparan

Air transport depends on an invisible network of corridors that can be disrupted by weather, wars or unusual events, such as when Spain's airspace was closed last November to allow a Chinese missile to enter Earth's atmosphere. Strikes by air traffic controllers have caused major transport problems in Europe this year, while the biggest post-war air traffic blockade occurred in 2010, when the volcano in Iceland erupted.

5. Mga satellite

The world is very dependent on the US Global Positioning System (GPS). This uses approximately 30 Earth-orbiting Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) satellites, which send signals to over 4 billion users worldwide. But these signals are weak and prone to interference, and it has been estimated that if GPS is "cut", the cost will exceed $1 billion a day, just for the US.

(SOURCE: https://www.moneyreview.gr/business-and-finance/125480/deutsche-bank-ta-aorata-diktya-poy-kinoyn-tin-pagkosmia-oikonomia-oi-5-adynamoi-krikoi/)